On 19 November, as part of the 2025 Media Literacy Days, the Institute of Communication Studies organized a workshop with members of the Pensioners’ Association – Kumanovo, focused on disinformation, foreign information manipulation and interference (FIMI), and hybrid attacks.
The event explored how “ordinary” disinformation differs from coordinated influence operations driven by foreign actors with clear political or strategic objectives, and how pensioners can protect themselves.
Participants also learned what happens when disinformation is not merely accidental, but part of a broader strategy to shape public opinion.
